Alternatives to Political SystemsEconomicsSociety

The Self-Hating State

Devolving policy to “the market” doesn’t solve the problem of power. It makes it worse.

by George Monbiot

In other ages, states sought to seize as much power as they could. Today, the self-hating state renounces its powers. Governments anathematise governance. They declare their role redundant and illegitimate. They launch furious assaults upon their own branches, seeking wherever possible to lop them off.

This self-mutilation is a response to the fact that power has shifted. States now operate at the behest of others. Deregulation, privatisation, the shrinking of the scope, scale and spending of the state: these are now seen as the only legitimate policies. The corporations and billionaires to whom governments defer will have it no other way.

Just as taxation tends to redistribute wealth; regulation tends to redistribute power. A democratic state controls and contains powerful interests on behalf of the powerless. This is why billionaires and corporations hate regulation, and – through their newspapers, thinktanks and astroturf campaigns – mobilise people against it. State power is tyranny; state power is freedom.

But the interchangeable middle managers who call themselves ministers cannot wholly dismiss the wishes of the electorate. They must show that they are doing something to protect what people value. They resolve the contradiction between the demands of the electorate and the demands of big business by shifting their responsibilities to something they call “the market”. This term is often used as a euphemism for corporations and the very rich.

To justify the policy of marketisation, they invest the market with magical capabilities. It can reach the parts that the ordinary scope of government can’t reach; it can achieve political miracles. I don’t believe that market mechanisms are always wrong. I do believe that they fail to solve the problem of power. In fact they tend to compound it.

Last week the European Emissions Trading System died. It was supposed to create a market for carbon, whose escalating price would force companies to abandon fossil fuels and replace them with less polluting alternatives. In principle it was as good a mechanism as any other. What it did not offer was a magical alternative to political intervention.

The scheme collapsed on Tuesday, after the European Parliament voted against an emergency withdrawal of some of the carbon permits whose over-supply had swamped the market(1). Why were too many permits issued? Because of the lobbying power of big business. Why did MEPs refuse to withdraw them? Because of the lobbying power of big business.

If a market is to serve a wider social goal than simply maximising corporate profits, it must operate within a tight regulatory framework. Pricing mechanisms do not magic away the need for regulation: if anything they enhance it. To make them work, politicians still have to confront and overcome powerful interests. They still need to govern and decide. Yet everywhere markets are invoked as an alternative to dirigiste and decisive government.

To make a significant impact, the price of carbon needs to be in the region of €30 or 40 per tonne. It needs to be incapable of falling far, and likely to rise. At the time of writing the price is €2.8(2), and it’s going nowhere. The Economist reports that this puts European carbon permits “below the level of junk bonds.”(3)

In an important respect the scheme has been worse than useless. New airports and roads and power stations have been justified with the claim they they will not raise emissions, as the greenhouse gases they produce will be absorbed by cuts made elsewhere. The one lasting impact of the European carbon market has been to rationalise polluting projects which might not otherwise have been built.

But even as this scheme collapses, governments are launching new ones, creating markets which are far less appropriate – even in theory – than the trade in carbon. Last month, the UK’s Ecosystem Markets Task Force, a body set up by the government but largely composed of corporate executives, published its final report(4). It invokes the magic of the markets to fill the gap left by the withdrawal of democratic governance.

Not everything it proposes is dangerous and wrong. Creating incentives to reforest the hills from which our rivers flow, or for farmers to use anaerobic digesters to process waste makes sense: as long as it redeploys rather than augments farm subsidies. But in other respects an attempt to reconcile the protection of the living planet with commerce simply turns the biosphere into another corporate asset.

For example, the task force revives the old myth that nature is best served by harvesting timber. As long ago as 1995 a paper by the biologists Clive Hambler and Martin Speight showed that of the woodland insect species listed as threatened in Britain, 65% are threatened by the removal of old and dead wood, while just 2% are threatened by a reduction in this management(5). But the task force maintains that bringing “unmanaged woodlands into active, sustainable management for woodfuel … is a win-win for business and nature.”(6) Just as the myth was at last being laid to rest, it has been revived by the need to make nature and markets appear compatible.

This is an example of what happens in a market-based system: any clash between generating profit and protecting the natural world is resolved in favour of business, often with the help of junk science. Only those components of the ecosystem which can be commodified and sold are defended(7,8,9). Nature is worthy of protection when it is profitable to business: the moment it ceases to be so, it loses its social value and can be trashed. As prices fluctuate or crash, so do the fortunes of the ecosystems they are supposed to protect. As financial markets move in, with the help of the environmental bonds and securitisations the task force champions(10), the defence of nature becomes ever more volatile and uncertain. The living planet is reduced to a subsidiary of the human economy.

When governments pretend that they no longer need to govern; when they pretend that a world regulated by bankers, corporations and the profit motive is a better world than one regulated by voters and their representatives, nothing is safe. All systems of government are flawed. But few are as flawed as those controlled by private money.

References:

  1. https://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/apr/16/meps-reject-reform-emissions-trading
  2. https://www.pointcarbon.com/news/reutersnews/1.2307050?&ref=searchlist
  3. https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/04/carbon-trading
  4. Ecosystem Markets Task Force, March 2013. Realising nature’s value: final report.
    https://www.defra.gov.uk/ecosystem-markets/files/Ecosystem-Markets-Task-Force-Final-Report-.pdf
  5. Clive Hambler and Martin Speight, 1995. Biodiversity Conservation in Britain: science replacing tradition. British Wildlife, Vol.6, no.3, pp137-148
  6. Ecosystem Markets Task Force, March 2013. Realising nature’s value: final report.
    https://www.defra.gov.uk/ecosystem-markets/files/Ecosystem-Markets-Task-Force-Final-Report-.pdf
  7. See also Kent Redford and William Adams, 2009. Payment for Ecosystem Services and the Challenge of Saving Nature. Conservation Biology, Volume 23, No. 4, pp785–787. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01271.x
    and
  8. Sian Sullivan, 2012. Banking Nature? The Spectacular Financialisation of Environmental Conservation. Antipode, Volume 45, pp198–217. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2012.00989.x
    and
  9. Esteve Corbera, 2012. Problematizing REDD+ as an experiment in payments for ecosystem services. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Volume 4, pp 612–619. doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.010
  10. G Duke et al, 14th June 2012. Opportunities for UK Business that Value and/or Protect Nature’s Services. Ecosystem Markets Task Force. https://www.defra.gov.uk/ecosystem-markets/files/EMTF-VNN-STUDY-FINAL-REPORT-REV1-14.06.12.pdf

6 Comments

  1. I do not see how Mr. Monbiot’s rantings are remotely compatible with permaculture. All too often we find the law is against us in whatever we do, while the corporations happily get their way. This has been the reality since the inception of the modern state. Capitalists inevitably give capitalism a bad name when they learn that they can achieve things more quickly politically than they can through innovation and competition.
    What is Mr. Monbiot suggesting here? That we have ever more of our lives subject to the political sphere. If we do that I will never be able to do permaculture. There are few in my state that have even heard of it. Instead, what various local governments have learned about is spraying poison for stuff, so I was watching Lawton’s latest video and thinking I can’t take run-off from the street.
    The revolution never solved the problem. The Tsar gave the industrialists too much; but the communist party moved in and promoted the same industrialist regime. The same extractive design, the same exploitation of labor, just different parasites.
    Either we decentralize, and have small farms, governance, etc…
    Or sustainability will not mean what it should- instead it shall mean whatever is necessary for the parasites to continue to have the upper middle class life they are accustomed to.

  2. In my reading of the article, I felt he was saying exactly what the first responder said. I might have missed something somewhere. I think is just a matter of symantics.

    Being in America, I cannot relate exactly to how things work in Europe and other Democratic countries. I can only relate to our problems.

    It is so obvious that the large corporations are buying the elections. Republicans have always been a problem since I can remember. The Democrats have erroded over the years. Now we have leadership(?) that says one things during campaign and then acts quite differently when they get into office.

    The sad thing is that the citizens don’t seem to want to see what the problems are and they feel powerless to do anything about it. Perhaps the majority want things exactly as they are. I hope not because we will have very dire living in the next 20 years and it will be too late to fix it.

    Somehow we have to unite and get something done about it.

  3. interesting article, but I fear too oversimplified. August’s comments too, are much more clearcut than the reality.

    What comes to mind in response is Buckminster Fuller’s adage, “You never change things by fighting the existing reality.
    To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete.”

    Sure corporations are doing horrible things, and governments too. So are average individuals. I see no substantive advantage in continuing to press the point that the system we have is unworkeable and totally insane.

    seems to me, no one is ever going to be as influential as our capacity to directly manifest a working model of a better way.

  4. Until we demand that all elections including for your local council , state and federal polititions are financed solely by government then we will have bought people in government doing the biding of the corporations who only appear to serve you the majority but in fact serve those who control the purse strings and to hell with you and the invironment

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